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» PARTILE DE VORBIRE - LIMBA ENGLEZA

PARTILE DE VORBIRE - LIMBA ENGLEZA

PARTILE DE VORBIRE - LIMBA ENGLEZA

Morfologia este cea care se ocupa de partile de vorbire.

Clasificarea partilor de vorbire:

A. SUBSTANTIVUL

B. ADJECTIVUL

C. PRONUMELE

D. VERBUL

E. ADVERBUL

F. PREPOZITIA

G. CONJUNCTIA

H. INTERJECTIA

A. SUBSTANTIVUL

Pluralul substantivului se formeaza din:

Singular + terminatia "-s"

Exemple:

Singular	*Translate*	Plural	*Translate*
girl	fata	girls	fete
boy	baiat	boys	baieti
table	masa	tables	mese

Exsita substantive cu plural neregulat

Exemple:

Singular	*Translate*	Plural	*Translate*
child	copil	children	copii
man	barbat	men	barbate
woman	femeie	women	femei

Exista substantive cu defective de plural

Exemple:

Singular	*Translate*	Plural	*Translate*
people	om	people	oameni
sheep	oaie	sheep	oi
advice	sfat	advice	sfaturi
paper	hartie	paper	hartii

a piece of paper / a piece of advice

two pieces of paper / two pieces of advice.

Give me some advice, please. Da-mi un sfat te rog.

Genul Substantivelor

Masculin toate fiintele de sex masculin

Feminin toate fiintele de sex feminin

Neutru toate obiectele si necuvantatoarele

Substantivele in limba engleza nu se declina, ele isi pasteaza forma:

Nominativ = Genitiv = Dativ = Acuzativ

B. ADJECTIVUL

Este cuvantul care determina si imbogateste sensul substantivului = "Este floarea de la palaria substantivului"

Adjectivul sta intotdeauna in fata substantivului.

Exemple: a nice girl = a fata frumoasa

a big house = o casa mare

a serious man = un barbat serios

Adjectivul este un cuvant invariabil care nu se acorda in gen si numar cu substabtivul pe care il insoteste.

Exemple:

	Singular	*Translate*	Plural	*Translate*
Feminin	nice girl	fata frumosa	nice girls	fete frumoase
Masculin	nice boy	baiat frumos	nice boys	baieti frumosi
Neutru	nice cat	pisica frumosa	nice cats	pisici frumoase

C. PRONUMELE

Este cuvantul care inlocuieste substantivul pentru a evita repetarea lui.

Pronumele se declina (isi schimba forma)

Regula Dativului:

Particula "to" nu exista in fata dativului, atunci cand Dativul sta imediat dupa un Verb.

Exemplu:

He	offers	her	a flower.
		Dativ	Acuzativ

Particula "to" apare in fata dativului, atunci cand Dativul este despartit de Verb de un Acuzativ.

Exemplu:

He	offers	a flower	to her.
		Acuzativ	Dativ

DECLINAREA PRONUMELUI

NOMINATIV		GENITIV				DATIV		ACUZATIV
who?	cine?	whose?		al cui? a cui? ai cui? ale cui?		(to) whom?	cui?	who(m)?	pe cine?
who?	cine?	Adjectiv posesiv		Pronume posesiv		(to) whom?	cui?	who(m)?	pe cine?
I	Eu	my	meu	mine	al meu	(to) me	mie	me	pe mine
You	Tu	your	tau	yours	al tau	(to) you	tie	you	pe tine
He	El	his	lui	his	al lui	(to) him	lui	him	pe el
She	Ea	her	ei	her	al ei	(to) her	ei	her	pe ea
It	El / Ea	its	ei / lui	its	al lui / al ei	(to) it	lui / ei	it	pe el / ea
We	Noi	our	nostru	ours	al nostru	(to) us	noua	us	pe noi
You	Voi	your	vostru	yours	al vostru	(to) you	voua	you	pe voi
They	Ei	their	lor	theirs	al lor	(to) them	lor	them	pe ei

D. VERBUL

Este cuvantul flexibil care arta stari si actiuni.

E. ADVERBUL

Este cuvantul care insoteste verbul, il determina, il imbogateste. Arata: "unde?", "cum?" si "cand?" are loc actiunea.

Adverbul se obtine dintr-un:

Adjectiv + terminatia "-ly"

Exemple:

Adejectiv	*Translate*	Adverb	*Translate*
nice	dragut	nicely	in mod dragut
She has a nice dress		She sings nicely

Exista si adverbe neregulate

Exemplu:

Singular	*Translate*	Plural	*Translate*
hard	greu	hard	grele

F. PREPOZITIA

Este cuvantul care insoteste substantivul sau pronumele si arata relatia dintre acesta si celalte parti de vorbire.

Exemple:

The dog is under the table.

I came here with you.

I wrote to you.

G. CONJUNCTIA

Leaga intre ele cuvinte, prepozitii, parti coordonate de propozitii subordonate.

Exemple:

He walked across the field.

I came to you, but I don't stay.

H. INTERJECTIA

Cuvinte cu intonatie exclamativa, care nu intra in constructia unei propozitii.

Exemple:

Oh!

Hello!

Ah!

ARTICOLUL HOTARAT "the"

Se pune in fata unui substantive, fie ca este la singular sau la plural, atunci cand vrem sa-l articulam.

the [ðǝ] in fata cuvintelor care incep cu o consoana

the [ði] in fata cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala

ARTICOLUL NEHOTARAT "a / an"

Un substantiv este articulat cu articolul "a / an" atunci cand este la singular si pierde acest articol cand este la plural.

a [ǝ] in fata cuvintelor care incep cu o consoana.

an [ǝn] in fata cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala.

D. VERBUL

Este cuvantul flexibil care arata stari si actiuni.

Este cuvantul flexibil care isi schimba forma in functie de:

Persoana

Timp

Mod

Diateza

Aspect al formelor verbale

CLASIFICAREA VERBELOR

Verbe neregulate ~ 10.000

Verbe regulate ~ 200

Verbe auxiliare

Verbe modale = 8

Verbe speciale

to be	was/ were	been
a fi	eram / fusei / am fost	fost
Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle

FORNELE DE BAZA ALE UNUI VERB

Infinitive

este egal cu infinitival din limba romana

are forma fixa

Past-Tense

este imperfectul, perfectul simplu si perfectul compus din limba romana

Past-Participle

este participial trecut din limba romana

are forma fixa

VERBE NEREGULATE

Exemple:	Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
VERBE NEREGULATE	to be	was	been	a fi
	to have	has	had	a avea
	to eat	ate	eaten	a manca
	to fall	fell	fallen	a cadea
	to write	wrote	written	a scrie
	to drink	drank	drunk	a bea

VERBE REGULATE

Exemple:	Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
VERBE REGULATE	(to) love	loved	loved	a iubi
	(to) move	moved	moved	a (se) misca
	(to) care	cared	cared	ati pasa
	(to) work	worked	worked	a munci
	(to learn	learned	learned	a invata
	(to) warn	warned	warned	a avertiza

VERBE AUXILIARE

Sunt acele verbe care ajuta la conjugarea tuturor celorlalte verbe

Cu ele se formeaza:

o Diatezele

o Interogativ/ negativul

o Formele perfecte

o Imperativul

o etc.

Ajuta ca verbul sa fie flexibil

Ajuta ca verbul sa se plieze pe:

o Persoana

o Timp

o Mod

o Diateza

o Aspect al formelor verbale

	Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
VERBE AUXILIARE	shall	shoud		a trebui
	will	would		a vrea
	to be	was / were	been	a fi
	to have	had	had	a avea
	to do	did	done	a face
	to let	let	let	a lasa

VERBE MODALE

Sunt acele verbe care singure nu au sens

Arata doar modul in care se face actiunea, iar pentru a capata sens trebuie neaparat sa fie insotite de un al doilea verb.

	Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
VERBE MODALE	shall	should		a trebui
	will	would		a vrea
	can	could		a putea
	may	might		a putea (permisiune)
	need	needed		a avea nevoie
	dare	dared		a indrazni
	must			a trebui
	ought to			a trebui

MUST	are ca inlocuitor	TO HAVE TO

CAN	are ca inlocuitor	TO BE ABLE TO

must = a trebui (obligativitate din exterior)

Exemplu:

I must go to the office every day.

ought to = a trebui (obligativitate din suflet / inima)

Exemplu:

I ought to help my parents = Trebuie sa-mi ajut parintii

Exemple:	Superior Inferior	Inferior Superior
	You shall make the report.	You should by the book

shall = a trebui

Este cel mai puternic verb, cu el se comanda, se ordona

Da porunca si se foloseste numai de la superior la inferior (in sensul: pozitiei, al varstei)

Pentru "indulcire" si pentru a-l putea folosi si d la inferior la superior se trece pe a II-a forma "should"

Caracteristicile verbelor modale

Nu au particular infinitivala "to" in fata

Nu au cele trei forme de baza, le lipseste forma a III-a si uneori si a II-a, de aici denumirea de defective.

Verbul care urmeaza unui verb modal este intotdeauna la forma infinitiv scurt - spre deosebire de un verb obisnuit care prinde dupa el un verb la infinitival lung.

Exemple:
Verb obisnuit		Verb modal

Verb obisnuit		Verb obisnuit
I want to try.		I can to try.
I try to sing.		I must to sing.

La indicativ prezent persoana a III-a singular nu prinde terminatia "-s", asa cum fac toate celelate verbe.

Exemple:
Verb obisnuit		Verb modal

Verb obisnuit		Verb obisnuit
He sings.		He cans sing.
She plays.		She musts play.
It sounds		It shoulds sound.

Fac interogtivul, negativul si interogativ-negativul fara ajutorul verbului auxiliary "to do" asa cum fac toate celelalte verbe obisnuite la prezent si past-tense.

Exemple:
Verb obisnuit		Verb modal

Verb obisnuit		Verb obisnuit
You work.		You can work.
Do you work?		Can you work?
You do not work?		You can't work?
Don't you work?		Can't you work?

Ajuta la obtinerea unor subjonctive prin interpolare mica.

Exemplu: He must have came home = El trebuie sa fi venit acasa

VERBE SPECIALE

se "racoleaza" dintre verbele auxiliare si modale

sunt acele verbe care pe langa functia de baza pe care o au in limba mai joaca si un alt rol.

Exemplu:

Whenever I should pass Calea Victoriei I would enter Musica Shop.

unde:

would da frecventa actiunii

whenever = ori de cate ori

	Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
VERBE SPECIALE	shall	should		a trebui
	will	would		a vrea
	must			a trebui
	can	could		a putea
	need	needed		a avea nevoie
	dare	dared		a indrazni
	use to			a folosi la
	to have	had	had	a avea
	to be	was	been	a fi
	to do	did	done	a face

ELEMENTELE CARE INTRA IN CONJUGAREA UNUI VERB

DIATEZA

MODUL

TIMPUL

ASPECTUL FORMELOR VERBALE

3.1. DIATEZA

Arata relatia dintre subiect si predicat din punct de vedere al efectuarii actiunii si al rasfrangerii ei.

3.1.1. DIATEZA ACTIVA

Subiectul face actiunea si altcineva o suporta

Exemplu: You ask a question.

3.1.2. DIATEZA PASIVA

Subiectul suporta actiunea facuta de altcineva

Exemplu: You are asked a question.

3.1.3. DIATEZA REFLEXIVA

Subiectul face actiunea si tot el o suporta

Exemplu: You ask yourself a question

In fiecare dintre diateze se regasesc celelate trei elemente:

Timp

Mod

Aspect al formelor verbale

3.2. MODUL

Arata maniera in care are loc o actiune.

3.2.1. MODUL INDICATIV

Arata o actiune reala

Prinde toate timpurile

Exemple:

Prezent	I go to the office.
Past-Tense	Bill went to his sister.
Viitor	She will go to the seaside.

3.2.2. MODUL CONDITIONAL

Arata o actiune dorita, dar coditionata

Exemple:

If you gave me the book I should read it.

If you had give me the book I should have read it.

3.2.3. MODUL SUBJONCTIV

arata o actiune posiblia, probabil.

Exemple:

I suggest you behave better.

Shall I go to the opera to night?

3.2.4. MODUL IMPERATIV

arata o rugaminte, o cerere, un ordin, o comanda, etc.

Exemple:

Bring me some milk, please.

Strand still = Drepti!

3.3. TIMPUL

arata momentul desfasurarii actiunii

3.3.1 PRESENT (Prezent)

(a) Present Simple este prezentul din limba romana

Exemplu: I write a letter. = Eu scriu o scrisoare.

(b) Present Perfect este perfectul compus din limba romana

Exemplu: I have written a letter. = Eu am scris o scrisoare.

3.3.2. PAST (Trecut)

(a) Past simple imperfectul / perfectul simplu / perfectul compus din limba romana

Exemplu: I wrote a letter. = Eu scriam / Eu scrisei / Eu am scris o scrisoare.

(b) Past perfect mai mult ca perfectul din limba romana

Exemplu: I had written a letter. = Eu scrisesem o scrisoare.

3.3.3. FUTURE (Viitor)

(a) Future simple viitor I din limba romana

Exemplu: I shall write a letter. = Eu voi scrie o scrisoare.

(b) Future perfect viitor II anterior din limba romana.

Exemplu: I shall have writte a letter. = Eu voi fi scris o scrisoare.

ASPECT AL FORMELOR VERBALE

Categorie gramaticala inexistenta in limba romana.

(a) Indefinite arata actiunea la general.

Exemplu: I eat apples. = Eu mananc mere.

(b) Continous arata actiunea in desfasurare

Aspectuil continuu se contruieste cu ajutorul verbului "to be".

to be + forma "-ing" a verbului de conjugat

Exemplu: I am eating apples. = Eu mananc mere.

Observatie

Nu se conjuga la aspectul continuu urmatoarele verbe:

To be = a fi

To have = a avea

To love = a iubi

To hate = a ura

Verbele simturilor

Unele verbe care arata actiuni mentale

SCHEMA DE ASOCIERE A VERBELOR

to be	was / were	been	"- ing"	aspect continuu
to be	was / were	been	participiu trecut	diateza pasiva
to heve	had	had	participiu trecut	forme perfecte

Observatie

Verbele de mai jos cer dupa ele numai Infinituvul Scurt:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to do	did	done	a face
to let	let	let	a lasa
shall	should		a trebui
will	would		a vrea
can	could		a putea
may	might		a putea (permisiune)
need	needed		a avea nevoie
dare	dared		a indrazni
must			a trebui
ought to			a trebui

CONJUGAREA VERBULUI "TO BE / WAS / BEEN" = a fi

Mode	Timp	SIMPLE					PERFECT
Mode	Timp	Indefinite				Continous	Indefinite		Continous
INDICATIVE	Present	I am	Eu sunt				I have been	Eu am fost
		You are	Tu esti				You have been	Tu ai fost
		He is	El este				He has been	El a fost
		She is	Ea este				She has been	Ea a fost
		It is	El/ Ea este				It has been	El/ Ea a fost
		We are	Noi suntem				We have been	Noi am fost
		You are	Voi sunteti				You have been	Voi ati fost
		They are	Ei sunt				They have been	Ei au fost
	Past	I was	Eu eram	Eu am fost	Eu fusei		I had been	Eu fusesem
		You were	Tu erai	Tu ai fost	Tu fusesi		You had been	Tu fusesesi
		He was	El era	El a fost	El fusese		He had been	El fusese
		She was	Ea era	Ea a fost	Ea fusese		She had been	Ea fusese
		It was	Ea, El era	El, Ea a fost	El, Ea fusese		It had been	El, Ea fusese
		We were	Noi eram	Noi am fost	Noi fusesem		We had been	Noi fusesem
		You were	Voi erati	Voi ati fost	Voi fuserati		You had been	Voi fuseseti
		They were	Ei erau	Ei au fost	Ei fusera		They had been	Ei fusese
	Future	I shall be	Eu voi fi				I shall have been	Eu voi fi fost
		You will be	Tu vei fi				You will have been	Tu vei fi fost
		He will be	El va fi				He will have been	El va fi fost
		She will be	Ea va fi				She will have been	Ea va fi fost
		It will be	El/ Ea va fi				It will have been	El, Ea va fi fost
		We shall be	Noi vom fi				We shall have been	Noi vom fi fost
		You will be	Voi veti fi				You will have been	Voi veti fi fost
		They will be	Ei vor fi				They will have been	Ei vor fi fost
CONDITIONAL		I should be	Eu as fi				I should have been	Eu as fi fost
		You would be	Tu ai fi				You would have been	Tu ai fi fost
		He would be	El ar fi				He would have been	El ar fi fost
		She would be	Ea ar fi				She would have been	Ea ar fi fost
		It would be	El, Ea ar fi				It would have been	El, Ea ar fi fost
		We should be	Noi am fi				We should have been	Noi am fi fost
		You would be	Voi ati fi				You would have been	Voi ati fi fost
		They would be	Ei ar fi				They would have been	Ei ar fi fost

IMPERATIV	Let me be	Sa fiu	SUBJONCTIV	PRESENT		PERFECT
	Be	Fi		I be	Eu sa fiu	I were	Eu am sa fiu
	Let him be	Sa fie		You be	Tu sa fi	You were	Tu ai sa fi
	Let her be			He be	El sa fie	He were	El ar sa fie
	Let it be			She be	Ea sa fie	She were	Ea ar sa fie
	Let us be	Sa fim		It be	El, Ea sa fie	It were	El, Ea ar sa fie
	Be	Fiti		We be	Noi sa fim	We were	Noi o sa fim
	Let them be	Sa fie		You be	Voi sa fiti	You were	Voi o sa fiti
				They be	Ei sa fie	They were	Ei or sa fie

Observatie

Verbul "to be" este singurul verb din limba care pastreaza din engleza veche un subjonctiv de sine statator cu forma pe perezent si pe perfect.

PARTICIPIU	PRESENT					PARTICIPIU	PAST
	Idefinit			Perfect			PAST
	being	fiind	care este	having been	dupa ce a fost		been	fost

CONJUGAREA VERBULUI "TO HAVE / HAD / HAD" = a avea

Mode	Timp	SIMPLE					PERFECT
Mode	Timp	Indefinite				Continous	Indefinite		Continous
INDICATIVE	Present	I have	Eu am				I have had	Eu am avut
		You have	Tu ai				You have had	Tu ai avut
		He has	El are				He has had	El a avut
		She has	Ea are				She has had	Ea a avut
		It has	El, Ea are				It has had	El/ Ea a avut
		We have	Noi avem				We have had	Noi am avut
		You have	Voi aveti				You have had	Voi ati avut
		They have	Ei au				They have had	Ei au avut
	Past	I had	Eu aveam	Eu am avut	Eu avusei		I had had	Eu avusesem
		You had	Tu aveai	Tu ai avut	Tu avusesi		You had had	Tu avusesesi
		He had	El avea	El a avut	El avuse		He had had	El avusese
		She had	Ea avea	Ea a avut	Ea avuse		She had had	Ea avusese
		It had	El, Ea avea	El, Ea a avut	El, Ea avuse		It had had	El, Ea avusese
		We had	Noi aveam	Noi am avut	Noi avusem		We had had	Noi avusesem
		You had	Voi aveati	Voi ati avut	Voi avuseseti		You had had	Voi avuseseti
		They had	Ei aveau	Ei aua vut	Ei avusera		They had had	Ei avusese
	Future	I shall have	Eu voi avea				I shall have had	Eu voi fi avut
		You will have	Tu vei avea				You will have had	Tu vei fi avut
		He will have	El va avea				He will have had	El va fi avut
		She will have	Ea va avea				She will have had	Ea va fi avut
		It will have	El, ea va avea				It will have had	El, Ea va fi avut
		We shall have	Noi vom avea				We shall have had	Noi vom fi avut
		You will have	Voi veti avea				You will have had	Voi veti fi avut
		They will have	Ei vor avea				They will have had	Ei vor fi avut
CONDITIONAL		I should have	Eu as avea				I should have had	Eu as fi avut
		You would have	Tu ai avea				You would have had	Tu ai fi avut
		He would have	El ar avea				He would have had	El ar fi avut
		She would have	Ea ar avea				She would have had	Ea ar fi avut
		It would have	El, Ea ar avea				It would have had	El, Ea ar fi avut
		We should have	Noi am avea				We should have had	Noi am fi avut
		You would have	Voi ati avea				You would have had	Voi ati fi avut
		They would have	Ei ar avea				They would have had	Ei ar fi avut

IMPERATIV	Let me have	Sa am	Lasa-ma sa am
	Have	Ai
	Let him have	Sa aibe
	Let her have
	Let it have
	Let us have	Sa avem
	Have	Aveti
	Let them have	Sa aibe

PARTICIPIU	PRESENT					PARTICIPIU	PAST
	Idefinit			Perfect			PAST
	having	avand	care are	having had	dupa ce a avut		had	avut

CONJUGAREA VERBULUI "TO TAKE / TOOK / TAKEN" = a lua

Mode	Timp	SIMPLE					PERFECT
Mode	Timp	Indefinite				Continous	Indefinite		Continous
INDICATIVE	Present	I take	Eu iau			I am takeing	I have taken	Eu am luat	I have been taking
		You take	Tu iei			You are taking	You have taken	Tu ai luat	You have been taking
		He takes	El ia			He is taking	He has taken	El a luat	He has been taking
		She takes	Ea ia			She is taking	She has taken	Ea a luat	She has been taking
		It takes	El, Ea ia			It is taking	It has taken	El/ Ea a luat	It has been taking
		We take	Noi luam			We are taking	We have taken	Noi am luat	We have been taking
		You take	Voi luati			You are taking	You have taken	Voi ati luat	You have been taking
		They take	Ei iau			They are taking	They have taken	Ei au luat	They have been taking
	Past	I took	Eu am luat	Eu luai	Eu luam	I was taking	I had taken	Eu luasem	I had been taking
		You took	Tu ai luat	Tu luai	Tu luai	You were taking	You had taken	Tu luasesi	You had been taking
		He took	El a luat	El lua	El lua	He was taking	He had taken	El luasese	He had been taking
		She took	Ea a luat	Ea lua	Ea lua	She was taking	She had taken	Ea luasese	She had been taking
		It took	El, Ea a luat	El, Ea lua	El, Ea lua	It was taking	It had taken	El, Ea luasese	It had been taking
		We took	Noi am luat	Noi luam	Noi luam	We were taking	We had taken	Noi luasesem	We had been taking
		You took	Voi ati luat	Voi luati	Voi luati	You were taking	You had taken	Voi luaseseti	You had been taking
		They took	Ei au luat	Ei luau	Ei luau	They were takimg	They had taken	Ei luasesera	They had been taking
	Future	I shall take	Eu voi lua			I shall be taking	I shall have taken	Eu voi fi luat	I shall have been taken
		You will take	Tu vei lua			You will be taking	You will have taken	Tu vei fi luat	You will have been taken
		He will take	El va lua			He will be taking	He will have taken	El va fi luat	He will have been taken
		She will take	Ea va lua			She will be taking	She will have taken	Ea va fi luat	She will have been taken
		It will take	El, Ea va lua			It will be taking	It will have taken	El, Ea va fi luat	It will have been taken
		We shall take	Noi vom lua			We shall be taking	We shall have taken	Noi vom fi luat	We shall have been taken
		You will take	Voi veti lua			You will be taking	You will have taken	Voi veti fi luat	You will have been taken
		They will take	Ei vor lua			They will be taking	They will have taken	Ei vor fi luat	They will have been taken
CONDITIONAL		I should take	Eu as lua			I should be taking	I should have taken	Eu as fi luat	I should have been taken
		You would take	Tu ai lua			You would be taking	You would have taken	Tu ai fi luat	You would have been taken
		He would take	El ar lua			He would be taking	He would have taken	El ar fi luat	He would have been taken
		She would take	Ea ar lua			She would be taking	She would have taken	Ea ar fi luat	She would have been taken
		It would take	El, Ea ar lua			It would be taking	It would have taken	El, Ea ar fi luat	It would have been taken
		We should take	Noi am lua			We should be taking	We should have taken	Noi am fi luat	We should have been taken
		You would take	Voi ati lua			You would be taking	You would have taken	Voi ati fi luat	You would have been taken
		They would take	Ei ar lua			They would be taking	They would have taken	Ei ar fi luat	They would have been taken

IMPERATIV	Let me take	Sa iau	Lasa-ma sa iau
	Take	Ia
	Let him take	Lasa-l sa ia
	Let her take	Las-o sa ia
	Let it take	Sa ia
	Let us take	Sa luam	Lasati-ne sa luam
	Take	Luati
	Let them take	Sa ia

PARTICIPIU	PRESENT					PARTICIPIU	PAST
	Idefinit			Perfect			PAST
	taking	luand	care ia	having taken	dupa ce a luat		taken	luat

EXEMPLE DE PREPOZITII:

form = de la		in [ǝn] = din (limba romana), in
Exemple: I came from my brother. I can't see the house from the trees. Observatie Unde from are functie de ecranizare / de a pune paravanul in anumite situatii		Exemple: I live in Bucharest. = Eu locuiesc in Bucuresti. The houses in Bucharest are nice = Casele din* Bucuresti sunt frumoase*

out of = din
Exemple: I take the shirt out of the drawer. = Am luat camasa din* sertar.* She comes out of the water. = Ea iese din* apa.*

EXEMPLE DE ADJECTIVE:

NENUMARABIL		NUMARABIL
(a) little putin, putina		(a) few putini, putine
(a) tinde spre (+) pozitiv
a little sugar	putin zahar	a few boys	putini baieti
a little tea	putin ceai	a few girls	putine fete
a little dust	putin praf	a few houses	putine case
a little cafe	putina cafea	a few cars	putine masini

as much as = la fel de mult ca

as soon as = imediat ce

as soon as possible (a.s.p.) = cat de curand posibil

much = mult

soon = curand

quik = repede

big = mare

luky = norocos

EXEMPLE DE VERBE:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to think	thought	thought	a gandi
to say	said	said	a spune / a zice / a afirma
to feed	fed	fed	a se hrani / a manca
to tell	told	told	a relata / a povesti/ a spune/ a recunoaste

Observatie:

Verbul "to tell" este verbul cu care se spun povestile, basmele, de aceea unui povestitor I se spune "story teller"

REGULILE DE SCRIERE

Toate cuvintele terminate in "-y" precedate de o consoana transforma pe "y" in "ie" la formele lungi.

Exemple:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to try	tried	tried	a incerca
to cry	cried	cried	a plange / a tipa

Singular		Plural
country	tara	countries	tari
pretty	dragut	prettier	mai dragut	the prettiest	cel mai dragut

Spre deosebire de cuvintele terminate in "-y" precedate de o vocala, care lasa pe "y" neschimbat.

Exemple:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to stay	stayed	stayed	a sta
to play	played	played	a juca / a canta la un instrument

Toate cuvintele formate din doua silabe al caror accent cade pe a II-a silaba terminate in consoana, precedata de o vocala dubleaza consoana finala la formele lungi.

Exemple:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to permit	permitted	permitted	a permite
to refer	referred	referred	a se referi / a face referire
to kidnap	kidnapped	kidnapped	a rapi

Spre deosebire de acelasi fel de cuvinte, dar cu accentual pe prima silaba, care lasa consoana finala nedublata.

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to offer	offered	offered	a oferi

Toate cuvintele scurte de o silaba terminate in consoana, precedata de o vocala, dubleaza consoana finala la formele mai lungi.

Exemple:

Infinitive	Past-Tense	Past-Participle	Translate
to stop	stopped	stopped	a opri
to rub	rubbed	rubbed	a freca
to rob	robbed	robbed	a jefui

Singular		Plural
fat	gras	fatter	mai gras	the fattest	cel mai gras
big	mare	bigger	mai mare	the biggest	cel mai mare

B. ADJECTIVUL

Este un cuvant invariabil care sta intotdeauna in fata substantivului.

Mai multe adjective care se refera la acelasi substantive lasa intotdeauna adjectival determinative langa substantive.

Exemplu:

She wore a beautiful curly green long still dress. = Ea poarta o rochie frumoasa creata verde lunga de matase.

CATEGORII DE ADJECTIVE

Adjective terminate in "-ful"

Aceste adjective provin dintr-un:

Substantiv + Adjectivul "full" care pierde un "l"

Exemple:

Beauty + full beautiful = frumos

Cheer + full cheerful = vesel

Cheer up! = Fruntea sus! Inveseleste-te!

Aceste adjective fac superlativul cu "very"

Adjective terminate in "-able"

Aceste adjective provin din:

Verb + Adjectivul "able"

Exemple:

to understand + able understandable = intelegator

to eat + able eatable = comestibil

Aceste adjective fac superlativul cu "much" sau "must"

Adjective terminate in "-ing"

Sunt participiile prezente ale verbelor

Sunt foarte vii sip line de sesns

Fac superlativul absolute cu "very"

Nota: Forma in "ing" a verbului care este participiul prezent indefinite este cea mai vie forma a verbului din limba engleza pentru ca indeplineste 4 (patru) functii in limba.

a) Forma in "ing" ajuta la formarea aspectului continuu.

Exemplu: You are learning a lot

b) Forma in "ing" este substantiv

Exemplu: Learning is very useful for children.

c) Forma in "ing" este adjectiv

Exemplu: This is a learning book.

d) Este participiu de sine statator care in limba romana este gerunziu.

Exemplu: I can see you learning in the garden.

Adjective terminate in "-ed [id]"

Sunt participiile trecute ale unor verbe

Se refera la insusiri omenesti

Fac superlativul absolute cu "much" sau 'most"

Exemple:

Wicked = afurisit

Beloved = binecuvantat

Learned = cultivad

He has learned a lot.

He is a learned man now.

Adjective terminate in "-en"

Sunt foste infinitive sau participii trecute ale unor verbe iesite din uz

Nu au grade de comparative

Exemple:

Wooden = de lemn

Woolen = de lana

Golden = de aur

Adective terminate in "-y"

Sunt cuvinte scurte referitoare la stari sufletesti, omenesti.

Fac superlativul absolute cu "very"

Exemple:

Gay = vesel pretty = dragut

Marry = vessel shay = timid sly = viclean

Adjective terminate in diverse desinente

Sunt cuvinte care exprima caracteristici corporale omenesti

Fac superlativul relative cu "very"

Exemple:

fat = gras short = scurt, scund weak = neputincios (slab d.p.v. al fortelor fizice)

strong = puternic slim = zvelt slender = zvelt

thin = subtire thirck = gros nice = dragut

GRADELE DE COMPARATIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR

GRADUL		Adjective scurte (de una sau doua silabe)	Adjective lungi (de trei si mai multe silabe)	Translate
POZITIV		Short	beautiful	Translate
COMPARATIV	De inferioritate	not so short as	not so beautiful as	nu asa de . .. ca
	De inferioritate	less short than	less beautiful than	mai putin . .. decat
	De egalitate	as short as	as beautiful as	la fel de . . ca
	De superioritate	shorter (than)	more beautiful than	mai . . decat
SUPERLATIV	Relativ	the shortest (of)	the most beautiful (of)	cel mai . dintre
SUPERLATIV	Absolut	very (much/ most) short	very (much/ most) beautiful	foarte . . ..

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