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SUSBTANTIVUL (THE NOUN)
Substantivul (lat.: substantivus; substans = substanta; sub = sub/dedesubt, stans = asezat) este partea de vorbire care denumeste fiinte, obiecte, stari, notiuni, insusiri etc.
1. Clasificare
- comune (Common Nouns)
dog (caine), cat (pisica), bird (pasare), house (casa), apple (mar), girl (fata), boy (baiat), water (apa).
- proprii (Proper Nouns)
John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe, Asia, July, Sunday, Great Britain etc.
- abstracte (Abstract Nouns)
friendship (prietenie), joy (bucurie), wisdom (intelepciune), safety ( siguranta), theory (teorie), gratitude (recunostinta) etc.
- inidividuale (Individual Nouns)
man (barbat), house (casa), stone (piatra), tree (copac) etc.
- colective (Collective Nouns)
team (echipa), army (armata), family (familie), fleet (flota), crowd (multime), flock (stol), swarm (roi), group (grup) etc.
- nume de materie (Names of Matter)
water (apa), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk (lapte), steel (otel), silver (argint), gold (aur), snow (zapada), wine (vin), tea (ceai), salt (sare) etc.
2. Genul substantivelor (The Gender of the Nouns)
masculin (masculine) |
feminin (feminine) |
(he = el) |
(she = ea) |
actor = actor |
actress = actrita |
bachelor = celibatar |
spinster = celibatara |
barman = barman |
barmaid = barmanita |
boy = baiat |
girl = fata |
bridegroom = ginere |
bride = mireasa |
brother = frate |
sister = sora |
dad/daddy = tati/taticu |
mam/mammy = mami |
earl = conte |
countess = contesa |
father = tata |
mother = mama |
gentleman = domn |
gentlewoman = doamna |
god = zeu |
goddess = zeita |
grandfather = grandpa = bunic |
grandmother = grandma = bunica |
hero = erou |
heroine = eroina |
husband = sot |
wife = sotie |
king = rege |
queen = regina |
lad = flacau |
lass = fata |
landlord = proprietar |
landlady = proprietareasa |
man = barbat |
woman = femeie |
master = stapan |
mistress = stapana |
monk = calugar |
nun = calugarita |
nephew = nepot |
niece = nepoata |
papa/daddy = tata |
mamma/mammy = mama |
policeman = politist |
policewoman = politista |
prince = print |
princess = printesa |
salesman = vanzator |
saleswoman = vanzatoare |
sir = domn |
madam = doamna |
son = fiu |
daughter = fiica |
tutor = tutore |
governess = guvernanta |
uncle = unchi |
aunt = matusa |
neutru (neuter) |
comun (common) |
(it = el/ea) |
(he/she = el/ea) |
air = aer |
associate = asociat/asociata |
ball = minge |
architect = arhitect/arhitecta |
book = carte |
artist = artist/artista |
box = cutie |
beginner = incepator/incepatoare |
bread = paine |
author = autor/autoare |
building = cladire |
child = copil/copila |
bus = autobuz |
buyer = cumparator/cumparatoare |
crocodile = crocodil |
client = client/clienta |
error = greseala |
companion = insotitor/insotitoare |
fish = peste |
cook = bucatar/bucatareasa |
flag = drapel |
cousin = verisor/verisoara |
flute = flaut |
customer = client/clienta |
fork = furculita |
customs officer = vames/vamesa |
glory = glorie |
dancer = dansator/dansatoare |
helicopter = elicopter |
doctor = doctor/doctorita |
honour = onoare |
dreamer = visator/visatoare |
house = casa |
driver = sofer/soferita |
impression = impresie |
dyer = vopsitor/vopsitoare |
indifference = indiferenta |
economist = economist/economista |
kangaroo = cangur |
engineer = inginer/inginera |
land = pamant |
examiner=examinator/examinatoare |
legend = legenda |
fighter = luptator/luptatoare |
light = lumina |
friend = prieten/prietena |
march = mars |
guest = musafir/musafira |
medal = medalie |
interpreter = interpret/interpreta |
microbe = microb |
journalist = jurnalist/jurnalista |
minaret = minaret |
owner = posesor/posesoare |
monkey = maimuta |
painter = pictor/pictorita |
mouse = soarece |
parent = parinte |
mushroom = ciuperca |
masculin (masculine) |
feminin (feminine) |
(he = el) |
(she = ea) |
boy friend = prieten |
girl friend = prietena |
brother - in - law = cumnat |
sister - in - law = cumnata |
bull = taur |
cow = vaca |
cock = cocos |
hen = gaina |
dog = caine |
bitch = catea |
drake = ratoi |
duck = rata |
father - in - law = socru |
mother - in - law = soacra |
fisherman = pescar | |
fox = vulpoi |
vixen = vulpe |
gipsy/gypsy = tigan |
gipsy/gypsy woman = tiganca |
grandson = nepot |
granddaughter = nepoata |
horse = cal |
mare = iapa |
host = gazda |
hostess = gazda |
lion = leu |
lioness = leoaica |
lord = domn |
lady = doamna |
man-servant = servitor |
maid - servant = servitoare |
Mr. = domnul |
Miss/Mrs. = domnisoara/doamna |
negro = negru |
negress = negresa |
ox = bou |
cow = vaca |
peasant = taran |
peasant woman = taranca |
pirate = pirat | |
postman = postas | |
schoolboy = scolar |
schoolgirl = scolarita |
soldier = soldat | |
son - in - law = ginere |
daughter - in - law = nora |
steward = stevard |
stewardess = stevardesa |
tom cat = pisoi |
pussy cat = pisica |
turkey cock = curcan |
turkey hen = curca |
usher = plasator |
usherette = plasatoare |
waiter = chelner |
waitress = chelnerita |
neutru (neuter) |
comun (common) |
(it = el/ea) |
(he/she = el/ea) |
net = plasa |
photographer = fotograf/fotografa |
novel = roman |
physician = doctor/doctorita |
number = numar |
physicist = fizician/fiziciana |
occupation = ocupatie |
passenger = pasager/pasagera |
ocean = ocean |
manager = manager/managera, director/direc- toare |
oil = ulei |
philosopher = filozof |
page = pagina |
physiologist = fiziolog |
panic = panica |
pilot = pilot |
part = parte |
player = jucator/jucatoare |
pear = para |
playwright = dramaturg |
petal = petala |
printer = tipograf/tipografa |
piano = pian |
prisoner = prizonier/prizoniera |
pig = porc |
purchaser = cumparator/ cumparatoare |
pot = oala |
supporter = suporter/suportera |
root = radacina |
reader = cititor/cititoare |
scorpion = scorpion |
reporter = reporter/reportera |
shark = rechin |
rival = rival/rivala |
sparrow = vrabie |
scholar = invatat/invatata |
sphere = sfera |
scientist = savant/savanta |
stage = scena |
smoker = fumator/fumatoare |
stick = bat |
spectator = spectator/spectatoare |
sun = soare |
spouse = sot/sotie |
tea = ceai |
successor = succesor/succesoare |
telephone = telefon |
superintendent = supraveghetor/ supraveghetoare |
etc. |
theorist = teoretician/teoreticiana |
weaver = tesator/tesatoare |
|
welder = sudor/sudorita |
|
worker = muncitor/muncitoare |
|
writer = scriitor/scriitoare |
3. Pluralul substantivelor
3.1. Pluralul regulat al substantivelor
Se formeaza prin adaugarea literei s.
book - books = carte - carti
Litera s semn al pluralului substantivelor , al persoanei a III-a singular a verbelor si al genitivului saxon/sintetic al substantivelor, se citeste:
[ s ] - cand este precedata de consoane nesonore/surde
book - books = carte - carti
to speak - he speaks = a vorbi - el vorbeste
the economist's pen] = stiloul economistului
[ z ] - cand este precedata de o consoana sonora
chair - chairs = scaun - scaune
to receive - he receives = a primi - el primeste
the girl's flowers =florile fetei ;
[ iz ] - cand este precedata de s, z, ch, sh sau consoane suieratoare/sibilante;
bench - benches = banca - banci
bus - buses = autobuz - autobuze
fox - foxes = vulpoi - vulpoi
George' s books = cartile lui George
to teach - he teaches = a preda/explica - el preda/explica
to wash - he washes = a (se) spala - el se spala
Unele substantive terminate in y, precedat de consoana primesc s la plural, dar pe y il transforma in ie.
baby - babies = copilas - copilasi
beauty - beauties = frumusete - frumuseti
city - cities = oras - orase etc.
Substantivele terminate in y formeaza pluralul prin simpla adaugare la sfirsitul lor a literei s daca in fata lui y se afla o vocala :
boy - boys = baiat - baieti
day - days = zi - zile
play - plays = piesa - piese
toy - toys = jucarie - jucarii etc
Substantivele care se termina in f sau ff formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea lui s :
chief - chiefs = sef - sefi
cliff - cliffs = stanca - stanci
grief - griefs = suparare/mahnire - suparari/mahniri
Dar iata si exceptii:
calf - calves = vitel - vitei
half - halves = jumatate - jumatati
knife - knives = cutit - cutite
leaf - leaves = frunza - frunze
life - lives = viata - vieti
loaf - loaves = franzela - franzele
shelf - shelves = raft - rafturi
thief - thieves = hot - hoti
wife - wives = sotie - sotii
wolf - wolves = lup - lupi
Substantivele terminate in o formeaza pluralul astfel
a) - unele adauga terminatia es :
hero - heroes = erou - eroi
mosquito - mosquitoes = tantar - tantari
negro - negroes = negru - negri
potato - potatoes = cartof - cartofi
tomato - tomatoes = tomata - tomate
volcano - volcanoes = vulcan - vulcani
b) - altele adauga doar litera s :
casino - casinos = cazino - cazinouri
cuckoo - cuckoos = cuc - cuci
embryo - embryos = embrion- embrioni
kangaroo - kangaroos = cangur - canguri
piano - pianos = pian - piane
radio - radios = radio - radiouri
photo - photos = fotografie - fotografii
studio - studios = studio - studiouri
3.2. Pluralul neregulat al substantivelor
businessman - businessmen = om / oameni de afaceri
child - children = copil - copii
die - dice = zar - zaruri
Englishman - Englishmen = englez - englezi
fireman - firemen = pompier - pompieri
fisherman - fishermen = pescar - pescari
foot - feet = laba - labe
gentleman - gentlemen = domn - domni
gentlewoman - gentlewomen = doamna - doamne
goose - geese = gasca - gaste
louse - lice = paduche - paduchi
man - men = barbat - barbati
mouse - mice = soarece - soareci
postman - postmen = postas - postasi
sportsman - sportsmen = sportiv - sportivi
tooth - teeth = dinte/masea - dinti/masele
woman - women = femeie - femei
3.3. Plurale straine
Grecesti:
analysis - analyses = analiza - analize
axis - axes = axa - axe
basis - bases = baza - baze
crisis - crises = criza - crize
diagnosis - diagnoses = diagnostic - diagnostice
metropolis - metropolises = metropola - metropole
sphinx - sphinxes = sfinx - sfincsi
octopus - octopuses/octopi = caracatita - caracatite
Latinesti:
agendum - agenda = agenda - agende
alga - algae = alga - alge
aquarium / aquariums = acvariu - acvarii
bacillus - bacilli = bacil - bacili
candelabrum - candelabra = candelabru - candelabre
erratum - errata = erata - erate
gymnasium - gymnasiums = gimnaziu- gimnazii
mausoleum - mausoleums = mausoleu - mausolee
stimulus - stimuli = stimul - stimuli
stratum - strata = strat - straturi
3.4. Plurale asimilate in limba engleza
arena - arenas = arena - arene
circus - circuses = circ - circuri
dilemma - dilemmas = dilema - dileme
diploma - diplomas = diploma - diplome
drama - dramas = drama - drame
genius - geniuses = geniu - genii
idea - ideas = idee - idei
minus - minuses = minus - minusuri
opera - operas = opera - opere
umbrella - umbrellas = umbrela - umbrele
3.5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse
blackboard - blackboards = tabla - table
motel - motels = motel - moteluri
mother - in - law - mothers - in - law = soacra - soacre
passer - by - passers - by = pieton - pietoni
son - in - law - sons - in - law = ginere - gineri
3.6. Pluralul fractiilor zecimale
one quarter - three quarters = un sfert - trei sferturi
one third - two thirds = o treime - doua treimi
one fifth - two fifths = o cincime - doua cincimi
one seventh - two sevenths = o septime - doua septimi
3.7. Pluralul unor abrevieri
Member of Parliament (M.P.) - Members of Parliament (M.P.s) = membru al parlamentului, membri ai parlamentului
Mountain (Mt. ) - Mountains (Mts) = munte - munti
Post - Office (P.O.) - Post - Offices (P.O.s) = oficiu postal - oficii postale.
3.8. Substantive numai cu forma de plural
spectacles = glasses = ochelari, trousers = pantaloni, clothes = haine, scissors = foarfeci
3.9. Substantive numai cu forma de singular
advice = sfat, equipment = echipament/utilaj, furniture = mobila, information = informatie/informatii, knowledge = cunostinte, news = stiri, money = bani
3.10. Substantive cu aceeasi forma pentru singular si plural
sheep = oaie - oi, fish = peste - pesti, deer = caprioara - caprioare,
Portughese = portughez - portughezi, Chinese = chinez - chinezi
4. Cazurile substantivelor (The Cases of the Nouns)
Cazul este categoria gramaticala prin care se exprima raporturi sintactice intre cuvinte prin modificarea formelor acestora.
4.1. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case)
Este cazul subiectului si raspunde la intrebarile: who ? = cine ? , what ? = = ce?
The boy is playing in the garden. = Baiatul se joaca in gradina.
Who is playing in the garden? = Cine se joaca in gradina ?
I saw John. - Who saw John? - I did. = Eu l-am vazut pe John. - Cine l-a vazut pe John? - Eu.
The book is on the table. - What is on the table? - The book is. = Cartea este pe masa. - Ce este pe masa ? - Cartea.
Alice and Gabi are in the street. - Who is/are in the street ? - Alice and Gabi are. = Alice si Gabi sunt pe strada. - Cine este pe strada? - Alice si Gabi.
4.2. Cazul vocativ (The Vocative Case)
Este cazul adresarii sau al chemarii.
George, will you help me ? = George, vrei sa ma ajuti ?
Come here, my boy ! = Vino aici, fiule !
4.3. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case)
Este cazul atributului si raspunde la intrebarile: whose ? = al cui ?, a cui ?, ai cui?, ale cui ?, which ?= care ?, which of ?= care dintre ?, what ?= ce/care ?
Cazul genitiv este de patru feluri:
a) saxon/sintetic
b) prepozitional/analitic
c) dublu
d) implicit/aglutinant
4.3.1. Genitivul saxon/sintetic (The Saxon Genitive or the Possesive Case)
Se formeaza la singular cu ' (apostrof) plus litera s si se intrebuinteaza cu substantive masculine si feminine.
all Shakespeare's plays = toate piesele lui Shakespeare
John Major's diplomacy = diplomatia lui John Major
the boy's friend = prietenul baiatului
this man's gift = talentul acestui om
La plural sau daca posesorul se termina in s se adauga doar apostroful.
the boys' friend = prietenul baietilor
the children's ball = mingea copiilor
the boys' ball = mingea baietilor
Dickens' novels = romanele lui Dickens
Genitivul saxon se mai foloseste si in unele structuri cum ar fi:
A Midsummer Night's Dream = Visul unei nopti de vara
at a stone's throw = la o distanta de o aruncare de piatra
at Shakespeare's = la Shakespeare acasa
the night's coolness = racoarea noptii
the house of my sister's husband = casa sotului sorei mele
the sun's heat = caldura soarelui
the sea's roar = vuietul marii
to go to the barber's = a merge la frizerie
to his heart's content = pe pofta inimii lui
today's news = stirile de azi
without a moment's rest = fara o clipa de odihna
a talk of ten minutes = a ten minutes' talk = o discutie de zece minute
a two miles' walk = a walk of two miles = o plimbare de doua mile
England's football team = echipa de fotbal a Angliei
I must go to Mr. Brown's house. = Trebuie sa merg la domnul Brown acasa
to be at one's wit's/ wits' end = a fi in incurcatura, a fi la capatul puterilor
4.3.2. Genitivul prepozitional/analitic (The Prepositional/Analitical Genitive)
Se formeaza cu prepozitia of si se foloseste cu substantive de toate genurile.
the smell of the flower/flowers = mirosul florii/florilor
the friend of the boy = the boy's friend = prietenul baiatului
the friends of the boys = the boys' friends = prietenii baietilor
the friend of the boys = the boys' friend = prietenul baietilor
the friends of the boy = the boy's friends = prietenii baiatului
some books of my friend = niste carti ale prietenului meu
a friend of mine/yours/his/hers = un prieten al meu/tau/lui/ei
a friend of ours/yours/theirs = un prieten al nostru/vostru/lor
a brother of my friend = un frate al prietenului meu
a book of my sister = o carte a sorei mele
one of my good friends = unul din bunii mei prieteni
one of my best friends = unul din cei mai buni prieteni ai mei
this interesting book of Helen's = aceasta carte interesanta a Elenei
a dancing couple = a couple that/which is dancing = un cuplu care danseaza
a burning house = a house that is burning = o casa care arde
a sleeping dog = a dog that/which is sleeping = un caine care doarme
the boy between John and Nick = the boy who is between John and Nick = = baiatul dintre John si Nick = baiatul care este intre John si Nick.
the man in the street = omul de pe strada, omul de rand, omul obisnuit
a boy of eleven (years) = un baiat de unsprezece ani
a man with grey hair = un om cu par carunt
the girl with glasses = fata cu ochelari
the girl wearing glasses = fata care poarta ochelari
my friend's friend = prietenul prietenului meu
my friends' friend = prietenul prietenilor mei
my friend's friends = prietenii prietenului meu
my friends' friends = prietenii prietenilor mei
a walk of ten minutes = a ten minute walk = o plimbare de zece minute
our walk of ten minutes = our ten minute walk = plimbarea noastra de zece minute
a drive of ten miles = a ten mile drive = o plimbare de zece mile cu masina
a journey of two days = a two day journey = o calatorie de doua zile
my holiday of two weeks = my two week holiday = vacanta mea de doua saptamani
4.3.3. Genitivul dublu (Group Possesive
my friend's birthday/ the birthday of my friend = ziua de nastere a prietenului meu
her sister, Alice's blue eyes = ochii albastri ai sorei sale, Alice
his son-in-law's birthday = ziua de nastere a ginerelui sau/lui
my friend, Tom's birthday = ziua de nastere a prietenului meu, Tom
someone else's birthday = ziua de nastere a altcuiva
that boy's friend's book = cartea prietenului baiatului aceluia = cartea prietenului acelui baiat.
4.3.4. Genitivul implicit/aglutinant (The Implicit Genitive)
The United Nations Organisation = Organizatia Natiunilor Unite
Students Organisation = Organizatia studentilor
ignition timing = reglarea aprinderii
a heart disease = o boala de inima
4.4. Cazul dativ (The Dative Case)
Cazul dativ este cazul complementului indirect si raspunde la intrebarile: to whom ? who(m) to? = cui? for whom ? who(m) for ? = pentru cine ?, to what ? what to ? = la ce ? etc.
I give Alice two books. = I give two books to Alice. = Eu ii dau lui Alice doua carti. = Eu ii dau doua carti lui Alice.
To whom do I give two books ? = Who(m) do I give two books to ? = Cui dau eu doua carti ?
Everybody is working for him. = Toti lucreaza pentru el.
For whom is everybody working ? = Pentru cine lucreaza toti ?
Who(m) is everybody working for ? = Pentru cine lucreaza toti ?
I am referring to John. = Eu ma refer la John.
Who(m) am I referring to ? = To whom am I referring ? = La cine ma refer eu?
dativ acuzativ acuzativ dativ
I have brought John a book. = I have brought a book to John.
I-am adus lui John o carte. = I-am adus o carte lui John.
Din exemplul de mai sus se observa ca, atunci cand in propozitie acuzativul (compl. direct) sta inaintea dativului (compl. indirect), se foloseste obligatoriu particula to .
Alte exemple:
I offered my wife some flowers. = I offered some flowers to my wife = I-am oferit sotiei mele niste flori. = I-am oferit niste flori sotiei mele.
The book belongs to me. = Cartea imi apartine mie.
The book does not belong to me .= Cartea nu-mi apartine mie.
Does the book belong to me ? = Imi apartine mie cartea ?
To whom does the book belong ? = Who(m) does the book belong to ? = Cui ii apartine cartea ?
He forgives us our mistake. = El ne iarta noua greseala noastra.
His coming is a mystery to me. = Venirea lui este un mister pentru mine.
The advantage is obvious to them. = Avantajul le este evident.
What relation are you to this boy ? = Ce ruda esti tu cu acest baiat ?
This computer is superior to other computers. = Acest calculator este superior altor calculatoare.
The matter is open to discussion.= Chestiunea este deschisa discutiei.
Give my friend that book, please ! = Give that book to my friend, please ! = Da-i prietenului meu cartea aceea, te rog !
I am going to write to my friend. = Am de gand sa-i scriu prietenului meu.
Do not be cruel to animals ! = Nu fi crud fata de animale !
You must not be blind to his mistakes. = Nu trebuie sa fii orb fata de greselile lui.
His uncle gave him a present. = Unchiul sau / lui i-a dat un cadou.
4.5. Cazul acuzativ (The Accusative Case)
Este cazul complementului direct si raspunde la intrebarile whom ? = pe cine ?, what ? = ce ?
I see the boy every day. = Il vad pe baiat in fiecare zi.
Whom do I see every day ? = Pe cine vad eu in fiecare zi ?
You see the book on the table. = Tu vezi cartea pe masa.
What do you see on the table ? = Ce vezi tu pe masa ?
My sister is looking for a book. = Sora mea cauta o carte.
What is my sister looking for ? = Ce cauta sora mea ?
5. Declinarea substantivelor (The Declension of the Nouns)
Trecerea unui substantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile la numarul singular si la numarul plural poarta numele de declinare.
5.1. Declinarea cu articol nehotarat a unui substantiv masculin si a unui substantiv feminin
singular |
plural |
|
N. |
a boy = un baiat |
boys = baieti |
a girl = o fata |
girls = fete |
|
G. |
of a boy = a boy's = al, a , ai, ale unui baiat |
of boys = boys' = al, a, ai, ale, unor baieti, de baieti |
of a girl = a girl's = al, a, ai, ale unei fete |
of girls = girls' = al, a , ai, ale, unor fete, de fete |
|
D. |
(to) a boy = unui baiat |
(to) boys = unor baieti |
(to) a girl = unei fete |
(to) girls = unor fete |
|
A. |
a boy = un baiat |
boys = baieti |
a girl = o fata |
girls = fete |
|
V. |
boy ! = baiete !, baiatule ! girl ! = fata ! |
boys ! = baieti! girls ! = fetelor ! |
5.2. Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotarat
singular |
plural |
|
N. |
the boy = baiatul |
the boys = baietii |
the girl = fata |
the girls = fetele |
|
G. |
of the boy = the boy's = al, a, ai, ale baiatului |
of the boys = the boys' = al, a, ai, ale baietilor |
of the girl = the girl's = al, a, ai, ale fetei |
of the girls = the girls' = al, a, ai, ale fetelor |
|
D. |
(to) the boy = baiatului |
(to) the boys = baietilor |
(to) the girl = fetei |
(to) the girls = fetelor |
|
A. |
the boy = baiatul |
the boys = baietii |
the girl = fata |
the girls = fetele |
|
V. |
5.3. Declinarea substantivelor neutre
singular |
plural |
|
N. |
a table = o masa |
tables = mese |
the table = masa |
the tables = mesele |
|
G. |
of a table = al, a, ai, ale unei mese |
of tables = de mese |
of the table = al, a, ai, ale mesei |
of the tables = al, a, ai, ale meselor |
|
D. |
to a table = unei mese |
to tables = la/unor mese |
to the table = mesei |
to the tables = meselor |
|
A. |
a table = o masa |
tables = mese |
the table = masa |
the tables = mesele |
|
V. |
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