Imagini cu adulti de tabanide

Haematopota pluvialis Chrysozona pluvialis

Capul cu ochii si piesele bucale - tabanid femela

Aspecte ale ciclului de viata la tabanide

Caractere distinctive - Larvele de tabanide au un corp alungit ascutit la ambele capete (A). Segmentele abdominale 1-7 poseda cateva inele circulare (B), iar abdomenul se termina cu un mic siofon respirator (C). Capul este retras partial in torace (D).

Larva de tabanid Pupa de tabanid

femela Tabanus bromius mascul

Familia Glossinidae musca tse-tse

Glosinele (Plansa 30-32 sunt diptere brachicere hematofage, strict limitate la continentul Africa, la sud de Sahara, pana la 20^o latitudine sudica. Ele sunt vectoare pentru trypanosomele ce provoaca trypanosomiazele africane umane (boala somnului) si animale, ce au constituit vreme indelungata un impediment in dezvoltarea continentului facand dificila cresterea animalelor mari precum si intarziind patrunderea altor civilizatii.

Morfologie si ciclul de dezvoltare

Adultii sunt insecte intepatoare cu o talie intre 6 si 16 mm fara proboscis; corpul este de culoare terna, ce variaza de la gri inchis spre brun deschis, unele au pete de culoare deschisa pe dosul abdomenului; aripile lor se acopera una pe alta in pozitie de repaus, precum lamele unei foarfeci.

Capul poarta o pereche de ochi compusi si trei oceli, antenele sunt formate din trei articule, cel de al treilea alungit poarta dorsal arista garnisita cu peri ramificati. Piesele bucale (trompa sau proboscis) sunt reprezentate de trei piese nepereche: labrum, hipofaringe si labium si de o pereche de maxile. In repaus, ele sunt dispuse orizontal iar in momentul intepaturii sunt aplecate vertical, mai putin palpii maxilari.

Toracele prezinta o pereche de aripi cu nervatiune constanta si caracteristica, cu 6 nervuri longitudinale, primele 3 paralele cu marginea anterioara, nervurile 4 si 5 delimiteaza o celula in forma de secure; sase picioare formate din cinci segmente dintre care ultimul, tarsul, constituit din 5 articole diferit colorate, cu rol in sistematica.

Abdomenul este alcatuit din opt segmente (7 vizibile dorsal), segmentul 8 constituie piesele genitale externe - genitalia, foarte complexe la masculi si mult mai simple la femele.

Zborul mustei tse-tse este rapid. Nu exista diferente fizice notabile intre cele doua sexe si spre deosebire de tantari ambele forme sunt hematofage.

Acuplarea se produce o singura data in viata femelelor.

Durata de viata a adultilor este de 2-3 luni, rar 5 luni. Ei abunda in sezoanele umede, se hranesc de regula in timpul zilei, la fiecare 4 zile. Intepatura glossinelor este dureroasa si urmata de scurgerea sangelui. Preferintele lor trofice se indreapta catre speciile cu sange cald dar sunt si grupe ce se hranesc pe animale cu sange rece.

Larvele cele trei stadii larvare se succed in uterul femelei, hranindu-se cu secretiile produse de catre glandele uterine. Larva de stadiul I iese din ou la 3-4 zile dupa ponta ovulara, se fixeaza de glandele uterine si respira cu ajutorul celor doua stigmate. Urmeaza larvele stadiul II si dupa 8-12 zile apar cele de stadiul III. De fiecare data este depusa o singura larva iar o femela poate depune 6-10 larve pe parcursul vietii. Atunci cand ajung la stadiul III, ele masoara circa 1 cm si au forma unui asticot, de culoare galbuie, cu doua protuberante de culoare neagra la una dintre extremitati (lobii stigmatici). Larvipozitia dureaza cateva minute, se face pe sol, in zone umbroase si umede unde patrunderea acestora este facila. Dupa afundarea in sol (prin miscari peristaltice) larvele se transforma in pupe.

Pupele se metamorfozeaza intr-un puparium, ce rezulta din tegumentul larvei si care etanseizeaza complet pupa. Se aseamana mult cu larva desi are dimensiuni mai mici (5-8mm), de culoare maro inchis, cei doi lobi stigmatici raman vizibili. Stadiul pupal dureaza 30-35 de zile in functie de specie, de sex, de temperatura.

Glossinele sunt diptere ciclorafe, schizofore, adica insecte ale caror imago rup pupariumul dupa o linie de rupere circulara cu ajutorul unui sac frontal gonflabil, ptilinum.

Sistematica Glosinele apartin familiei Glossinidae ce este formata dintr-un singur gen Glossina alcatuit din aproximativ treizeci de specii si subspecii. Gosinele sunt divizate in trei subgenuri:

v      Nemorhina (grupa palpalis) ce regrupeaza specii de talie mica ce traiesc cel mai des in apropierea zonelor umede;

v     Glossina (grupa morsitans) din care fac parte specii de talie medie ce ocupa savanele;

v     Austenina (grupa fusca) glosine de talie mare din zonele impadurite ce se hranesc pe animale si deci sunt neinteresante din punct de vedere medical.

Glossinele au areale de repartitie bine delimitate cu un minimum de circulatie si de aceea este preferabil sa se utilizeze diviziunile lui Pollock (1982) care a impartit Africa in 5 mari subregiuni, caracterizata fiecare de predominanta catorva specii importante.

Problema subspeciilor (Plansa 33): Pentru unele dintre speciile ce vor fi enumerate, in special pentru cele de interes medical, trebuie avut in vedere ca cel mai adesea este vorba de doua sau trei subspecii a caror determinare este uneori dificila.

Glossina palpalis Se disting doua subspecii: Glossina p. gambiensis si Glossina p. palpalis ale caror areale de repartitie sunt apropiate dar nu se intre­patrund decat pe o suprafata redusa in Africa Occidentala, incrucisarile sunt posibile. Prima ocupa zonele de savana vest africana din Senegal, la frontiera cu Togo, iar cea de a doua se regaseste din vestul Angolei, pana in Benin si in zona de padure a Africii de vest pana in Liberia. Capacitatea lor vectoriala este identica.

Glossina fuscipes Aceasta specie este formata din trei subspecii: Glossina f. fuscipes, Glossina f. quanzensis si Glossina f. martinii. Ele ocupa toata Africa Centrala din nordul Camerunului pana in Angola si in est pana in Kenya si Tanzania; prima in nordul si centrul acestei regiuni, a doua in sud-vest si ultima in sud-est. Suprapunerea arealelor lor de repartitie este putin importanta iar incru­cisarile sunt imposibile datorita neconcordantei pieselor genitale.

Glossina morsitans Se disting, de asemenea, trei subspecii: Glossina m. morsitans, Glossina m. centralis si Glossina m. submorsitans. Aria de repartitie a acestor glossine este vasta dar fragmentata: submorsitans se gaseste din Senegal pana in Etiopia si Uganda; centralis ocupa Tanzania, sud-estul Zairului, o parte din Zambia si cateva zone izolate in Botswana si in Angola; morsitans este localizata in est, Mozambic, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Suprapunerea zonelor de repartitie este putin importanta iar incrucisarile realizate in laborator au dat hibrizi sterili.

Importanta medicala

Glosinele sunt vectoare pentru trypanosome, protozoare flagelate sanguicole exoeritrocitare. Trypanosoma brucei este strict localizata in Africa neagra in regiunile in care traieste musca tsetse.

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